Chapter 14


  • The slave trade was one of the components of those international networks of exchange that shaped human interactions during the centuries between 1450 and 1750.
  • Southeast Asians, Chinese, Indians, Armenians, Arabs, Africans, and Native Americans likewise played major roles in the making of the world economy during the early modern era.
  • During the fifteenth century, Europe's population was growing again, and its national monarchies in Spain, Portugal, England, and France- were learning how to tax their subjects more effectively and to build a substantial military force.
  • For many centuries, Eastern goods had trickled into the Mediterranean through the Middle East from the Indian Ocean.
  • The arena of Indian Ocean commerce into which Vasco de Gama and his Portuguese successors sailed across the world.
  • Most of them were Muslims, though hailing from many separate communities: Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, Jews, and Chinese likewise had a role in the commercial network
  • The military advantage enabled the Portuguese to quickly establish fortified bases at several key locations within the Indian Ocean world- Mombasa in East Africa.
  • By 1600, the Portuguese trading post empire was in steep decline. This small European country was overextended and rising Asian States such as Japan, Burma, Mughal India, Persia, and the sultanate of Oman actively resisted Portuguese commercial control

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